PMC

The temperature is homogenized with the temperature at which the tested solution freezes at atmospheric pressure. Insert in A′: Pressure–Temperature diagram for water and process lines for isobaric atmospheric, hyperbaric and isochoric freezing processes. (B) Comparison of osmolality as a function of temperature during isochoric and isobaric (at 1 atm) freezing of the same solution.

Freezing profiles of 1.25% gellan gum (GG) hydrogels. (A) Cross-section of the insulated freezing device with GG hydrogels. The temperature curves were measured using a temperature sensor that was placed inside the hydrogel. (B) Schematic of a thermal profile of a GG hydrogel with the cooling, nucleation temperature (T) and time, freezing rate, and end freezing time marked. (C) Mean temperature profiles of GG hydrogels during freezing at (i) −20, (ii) −80, and (iii) −210 °C with the three different freezing molds. (D) Characteristic values of the freezing of GG hydrogels. (E) Effect of both temperature and freezing mold on the (i) cooling rate, (ii) nucleation T, and (iii) freezing rate of GG hydrogels. STD refers to materials prepared with the standard method. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison post-test.

Temperature change curve of the center of beef samples subjected to either immersion chilling and freezing (ICF) or traditional air freezing (TAF) treatments. The solid black line represents the freezing curve of ICF (immersion chilling and freezing) and the dashed black line represents the freezing curve of TAF (traditional air freezing)

Interactive effects of diet and freezing temperature on InsP₆ concentration (nmol/g DM) in pig gastric digesta. Values are means of 10 observations + SD. Significance: Diet × Freezing Temperature, P < 0.05; Diet, P < 0.001; Freezing Temperature, P < 0.001. Within diet, an asterisks (*) denotes a significant difference (P < 0.001) between freezing temperatures, whereas a circle (°) denotes a trend (P < 0.1). ^a, b Within freezing temperature, mean values that do not share a common superscript are significantly different (P < 0.01).